A Good Manager Essay

Managers can use humor and give their employees small tokens of appreciation for work well done. Also, when leaders themselves are in good moods, group members are more positive, and as a result they cooperate more. 127 Finally, selecting positive team members can have a contagion effect because positive moods transmit from team member to team member CASES Emotions and positive moods appear to facilitate effective decision making and creativity. Recent research suggests mood is linked to motivation, especially through feedback. Leaders rely on emotions to increase their effectiveness. The display of emotions is important to social behavior like negotiation and customer service. The experience of emotions is closely linked to Job attitudes and behaviors that follow from attitudes, such as deviant workplace behavior. Our final managerial implication is a question: can managers control colleagues’ and employees’ emotions and moods? Certainly there are limits, practical and ethical. Emotions and moods are a natural part of an individual’s makeup. Where managers err is in ignoring co-workers’ and employees’ emotions and assessing others’ behavior as if it were completely rational. As one consultant aptly put it, muff can’t divorce emotions from the workplace because you can’t divorce emotions from people. † 129 Managers who understand the role of emotions and moods will significantly improve their ability to explain and predict their co-workers’ and employees’ behavior. 1 . The first reason can be the diversity of people because not everybody has the same action and reaction; there are different kind of people who have different emotion and feelings. It will become harder to manage employees when the organization becomes bigger. In addition to these, as mentioned in the case the way of acting people’s business culture and etiquette sometimes can create ineffective managing environment. Applying wrongful behaviors like shouting when somebody did wrong work is the indicator of the poor managing. I think the emotions or reactions of people are related with their psychology but not their education level. A Good Manager By Miramar

Logistics department Essay

1. What interactions and discussion need to take place among the marketing, manufacturing, logistics, and finance departments? Explain the logistics department`s role in the introduction of the new product. The functional areas of marketing, logistics, manufacturing and finance should hold weekly sales and operations planning (S&OP) meetings to address the following: Identify firm planned orders which may be delayed to the customer. Notify key account managers and focused operations planning team(s) to expedite orders in jeopardy Address any resource constraints to meet firm planned orders for the current month and planned orders for the following three months (manufacturing capacity, labor) The focused operations planning team(s) which consists of production, procurement, manufacturing and master production scheduling (logistics) must meet daily to ensure the requirements identified in the S&OP meeting are carried out. Logistics ensures the following: – ensure that raw material inputs to peanuts arrive on time without freight damage – ensure that finished goods inventory from the manufacturing facility to the warehouse, distribution center and eventually the customer arrive on time- in full without freight damage – minimize transportation costs by utilizing full truck load (FTL shipments) and in certain instances, intermodal (rail) shipments for cross country transport 2. Why is it necessary for the logistics department to be cognizant of all the details (quality, timing) of the new product introduction? Discuss the issues that might arise (e.g. the drop in demand after the Final Four) and what responsibilities the logistics department would have as a result of these changes. This necessity comes out of the need to have the right quantity at the right time in the right place to meet customer demand. Without this close  coordination between timing and quantity, deliveries would be delayed, inventory carrying costs would increase and as a result profits would be negatively impacted. In situations where the demand drops after the Final Four, the production planning and scheduling aspect comes into play. By utilizing a master production schedule which is closely aligned with S&OP meetings, the master production scheduler can adjust the production amounts to meet decreasing demand. This ensures that product produced is delivered to the customer and does not sit in the warehouse of Pete’s. To summarize, the logistics department is responsible for reacting to market/demand changes to maintain profit margins for the business.

A Study On Classroom Management Education Essay

Classroom direction focal points on three major constituents: content direction, behavior direction, and covenant direction. Harmonizing to specializers in the field of instruction, school and schoolroom direction aims at promoting and set uping pupil self-denial through a procedure of advancing positive pupil accomplishment and behaviour. Therefore academic accomplishment, teacher efficaciousness, and teacher and student behaviour are straight linked with the construct of school and schoolroom direction. Classroom direction accomplishments are an built-in portion of instructional rating of both the pupils and the instructors themselves. Actually, classroom direction schemes are a more toothsome name for schoolroom subject. This paper will discourse the indispensable constituents to do schoolroom direction effectual. Part I. BODY LANGUAGEBody linguistic communication is an of import portion of communicating, which can represent 50 % or more of what we are pass oning. If one wishes to pass on good, so it makes sense to understand how they can ( and can non ) use their organic structure to state what they mean. It comes in bunchs of signals and positions, depending on the internal emotions and mental provinces. Acknowledging a whole bunch is therefore far more dependable than seeking to construe single elements. Body linguistic communication is a term for communicating utilizing organic structure motions or gestures alternatively of, or in add-on to, sounds, verbal linguistic communication or other communicating. It forms portion of the class of paralinguistic communication, which describes all signifiers of human communicating that are non verbal linguistic communication. This includes the most elusive of motions that many people are non cognizant of, including blink and little motion of the superciliums. In add-on, organic structure linguistic communication can besides integrate the usage of facial looks. Although they are by and large non cognizant of it, many people send and receive non-verbal signals all the clip. These signals may bespeak what they are genuinely experiencing. The technique of reading people is used often. For illustration, the thought of mirroring organic structure linguistic communication to set people at easiness is normally used in interviews. It sets the individual being interviewed at easiness. Mirroring the organic structure linguistic communication of person else indicates that they are understood. Body linguistic communication signals may hold a end other than communicating. Both people would maintain this in head. Perceivers limit the weight they place on non-verbal cues. Signalers clarify their signals to bespeak the biological beginning of their actions. One of the most basic and powerful body-language signals is when a individual crosses his or her weaponries across the thorax. This can bespeak that a individual is seting up an unconscious barrier between themselves and others. It can besides bespeak that the individual ‘s weaponries are cold which would be clarified by rubbing the weaponries or huddling. When the overall state of affairs is amicable, it can intend that a individual is believing profoundly about what is being discussed. However, in a serious or confrontational state of affairs, it can intend that a individual is showing resistance. This is particularly so if the individual is tilting off from the talker. A harsh or clean facial look frequently indicates straight-out ill will. Such a individual is non an ally, and may be sing combative tactics. Consistent oculus contact can bespeak that a individual is believing positively of what the talker is stating. It can besides intend that the other individual does non swear the talker plenty to â€Å" take his or her eyes off † the talker. Lack of oculus contact can bespeak negativeness. On the other manus, persons with anxiousness upsets are frequently unable to do oculus contact without uncomfortableness. Eye contact is frequently a secondary and deceptive gesture because we are taught from an early age to do oculus contact when speech production. If a individual is looking at you but is doing the arms-across-chest signal, the oculus contact could be declarative that something is trouble oneselfing the individual, and that he or she wants to speak about it. Alternatively, if while doing direct oculus contact a individual is shirking with something, even while straight looking at you, it could bespeak the attending is elsewhere. Incredulity is frequently indicated by averted regard, or by touching the ear or rubing the mentum. So is eyestrain, or itching. When a individual is non being convinced by what person is stating, the attending constantly wanders, and the eyes will gaze away for an drawn-out period. Boredom is indicated by the caput leaning to one side, or by the eyes looking directly at the talker but going somewhat unfocused. A caput joust may besides bespeak a sore cervix, and unfocussed eyes may bespeak optic jobs in the hearer. Interest can be indicated through position or extended oculus contact. Deceit or the act of keep backing information can sometimes be indicated by touching the face during conversation. It should be noted that some people, with certain disablements, or those on the autistic spectrum, usage and understand organic structure linguistic communication otherwise, or non at all. Interpreting their gestures and facial looks, or deficiency thereof, in the context of normal organic structure linguistic communication normally leads to misinterpretations and misunderstandings, particularly if body linguistic communication is given precedence over spoken linguistic communication. It should besides be stated that people from different civilizations could construe organic structure linguistic communication in different ways. Part II. DISCUSS LEGAL ISSUES IN REGARDS TO SCHOOL DISCIPLINESchool subject today would be a tougher job than of all time, even without all these alterations, because of the countrywide addition of troubled households and disorderly childs. Some schools, particularly those in interior metropoliss, have pupils who are literally violent criminals. School subject has two chief ends: ( 1 ) guarantee the safety of staff and pupils, and ( 2 ) create an environment conducive to larning. Serious pupil misconduct affecting violent or condemnable behaviour lickings these ends and frequently makes headlines in the procedure. However, the commonest subject jobs involve noncriminal pupil behaviour. These less dramatic jobs may non endanger personal safety, but they still negatively affect the acquisition environment. Disruptions interrupt lessons for all pupils, and riotous pupils lose even more learning clip. Research workers calculate that in many schools, pupils lost 7,932 instructional yearss ( 44 old ages ) in-school and out-of-school suspensions in a individual academic twelvemonth. The being of subject jobs in school may lend to an environment that facilitates school force and offense. On a day-to-day or hebdomadal happening, jobs such as pupil racial tensenesss, intimidation, sexual torment of other pupils, verbal maltreatment of instructors, widespread schoolroom upset, and Acts of the Apostless of discourtesy for instructors in public schools. The happening of unwanted pack and cult activities, and due to the terrible nature of these incidents, nowadayss all studies of pack and cult activities during the school twelvemonth. Secondary school principals across the United States revealed that most decision makers felt more strict due procedure processs should follow in subject instances than those required by federal ordinances and school policies. The principals besides tended to believe that bodily penalty should be permitted under certain fortunes and that both unequal instructor preparation refering subject and a deficiency of equal alternate plans for pupils were the major factors restricting schools ‘ abilities to keep order. However, today principals lack the tools they used to hold for covering even with the boisterous childs. Once, they could throw out such childs for good or direct them to particular schools for the hard-to-discipline. The particular schools have mostly vanished, and province instruction Torahs normally do non let for lasting ejection. So at best, a school might pull off to reassign a pupil criminal elsewhere in the same territory. Educators today besides find their custodies tied when covering with another disruptive and much larger group of pupils, those covered by the 1975 Persons with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) . This jurisprudence, which mandates that schools provide a â€Å" free and appropriate instruction † for kids irrespective of disablement and supply it, furthermore, within regular schoolrooms whenever humanly possible efficaciously strips pedagogues of the authorization to reassign or to suspend for long periods any pupil classified as necessitating particular instruction. This would non count if particular instruction included chiefly the wheelchair-bound or deaf pupils whom we normally think of every bit handicapped. However, it does non. Over the past several decennaries, the figure of kids classified under the mistily defined disablement classs of â€Å" learning disablement † and â€Å" emotional perturbation † has exploded. Many of these childs are those one time merely called â€Å" unwieldy † or â€Å" antisocial † : portion of the legal definition of emotional perturbation is â€Å" an inability to construct or keep satisfactory interpersonal relationships with equals and instructors, â€Å" in other words, to be portion of an orderly community. Prosecutors indicates that disproportional Numberss of the juvenile felons they now see are particular instruction pupils. With IDEA limitations haltering them, school functionaries can non react forcefully when these childs get into battles, expletive instructors, or even put pupils and staff at serious hazard, as excessively frequently happens. One illustration captures the jurisprudence ‘s absurdness. School functionaries in Connecticut caught one pupil go throughing a gun to another on school premises. One, a regular pupil, received a yearlong suspension, as federal jurisprudence requires. The other, handicapped ( he stuttered ) , received merely a 45-day suspension and particular, individualised services, as IDEA requires. Most times, though, schools can non acquire even a 45-day reprieve from the pandemonium these childs can unleash. It is of import to maintain the ultimate end in head while working to better school subject. As instruction research worker ‘s points out, â€Å" the end of good behaviour is necessary, but non sufficient to guarantee academic growing. † Effective school subject schemes seek to promote responsible behaviour and to supply all pupils with a hearty school experience every bit good as to deter misconduct. Part III. CONVENANT AND CONDUCT MANAGEMENTConduct direction is centered on one ‘s beliefs about the nature of people. By incorporating cognition about human diverseness ( and individualism, at the same clip ) into a peculiar instructional doctrine, instructors could pull off their schoolrooms in a better, more effectual manner. Research workers have pointed out the importance of helping pupils in positive behaviours. In be aftering schoolroom direction, instructors should see utilizing an self-asserting communicating manner and behaviour. In add-on, they should ever cognize what they want their pupils to make and affect them in the several acquisition activities, under the general conditions of clearly and explicitly stated school broad and schoolroom regulations. Harmonizing to Iverson and Froyen, behavior direction is indispensable to the creative activity of a foundation for â€Å" an orderly, task-oriented attack to learning and larning † , therefore taking to allowing pupil ‘s greater independency and liberty through socialisation. An effectual behavior direction program should besides mention to teacher control and disposal of effects. The undermentioned constituents of such a program are focused on in this sum-up: acknowledging responsible behaviours, rectifying irresponsible and inappropriate behaviour, disregarding, propinquity control, soft verbal rebukes, detaining, discriminatory seating, clip owed, time-out, presentment of parents/guardians, written behavioural contract, puting bounds outside the schoolroom, and reinforcement systems. All of these constituents are presented so they can be identified in illustrations of best instruction patterns. Covenant direction stresses the schoolroom group as a societal system. Teacher and pupil functions and outlooks shape the schoolroom into an environment conducive to larning. In other words, the civilization of any given school is alone to that school. However, it is straight influenced by the civilization of the larger community whose educational ends are to be met. A strong connexion between school and community must be invariably revised and modified harmonizing to the demands of social dynamism. As schools become really diverse, instructors and pupils should go cognizant of how to utilize diverseness to beef up the school/classroom societal group. Quality schools are defined by instructor effectivity and pupil accomplishment under the protections of edifice strong interpersonal accomplishments. In this visible radiation, instructor and pupil relationships are indispensable to guaranting a positive school and schoolroom atmosphere. Classroom direction subject jobs can be dealt with either on an single footing ( between instructor and pupil ) or by group job work outing ( category meetings ) . As common trust builds up between instructor and pupils, the latter are bit by bit released from teacher supervising by going separately responsible. This is how both â€Å" pedagogues and pupils become co-participants in the teaching-learning procedure, endeavoring to do the most of themselves and their corporate experience. † Part IV. CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT PlanClassroom direction and schoolroom organisation are intertwined. High school pupils possess sophisticated societal accomplishments and by and large experience that instructors need to gain their regard before they are to the full willing to collaborate. In order to acquire loath pupils on their side, instructors need to show a clear schoolroom direction program that creates a positive acquisition environment and exhibits consistence, lucidity, equity, foresight, and the sharing of a schoolroom direction program. Consistency is instructors tell pupils what to anticipate and so present. This applies to all facets of the high school schoolroom runing from placing trial yearss to presenting direction. Get downing every English category, for illustration, by presenting a inquiry for treatment or written response, helps set up a everyday that pupils can anticipate. Clarity is being clearly explicated their acquisition aims for the class every bit good their outlooks for pupil behaviour. Discuss these subjects with pupils during the first hebdomad of category and supply specific illustrations of what pupils are expected to carry through and how they are expected to act. Practicing schoolroom regulations is non entirely reserved for simple school. By exemplifying through role-play with pupils what is considered appropriate and inappropriate behaviour, instructors leave no room for pupil reading on these of import points. Fairness relates to handling pupils every bit, administrating both congratulations and effects based on behaviour non on the pupil. It besides applies to demoing regard for your pupils by puting realistic outlooks and offering counsel and support to assist pupils achieve those ends. A foresight map out categories in progress with pupils. Spend the first few yearss of category discoursing an overview of what you hope to carry through every bit far as content, accomplishment development, and pupil behaviour and category format. If a pupil does non stay by category outlooks, they know in progress what repercussions they will confront. The sharing of schoolroom direction program is to incarnate these features and high school instructors need to get the hang schoolroom organisation. By showing a elaborate schoolroom direction program in authorship, instructors set the tone for an organized high school schoolroom. A schoolroom direction program includes class aims, category outlooks, assignment calendar, and pupil information. Course Objectives identifies the general subjects your class will cover every bit good as accomplishments your pupils will develop over the class of a semester or school twelvemonth. Class Expectations, or category regulations, include coming to category prepared, turning in assignments on clip and behaving in a manner that Fosters student larning. Be specific in outlooks and be clear about the reverberations pupils will confront if they do non adhere to these regulations. Assignment Calendars should place subjects covered for one one-fourth. Important yearss such as debuts to new units, trials , assignment due day of the months and exam reappraisals should be clearly marked. School vacations and instructor working daies should be outlined every bit good. Student Information should be completed by pupils during the first hebdomad of school. In the event that you want to update parents on a major achievement or severe trouble their kid has encountered in your category, you will hold the necessary contact information available to hasten parent communicating. Part V. RESEARCH ARTICLEIn a article written by Sherry H. Brown, School Discipline: What Works and What Does n't, it does n't take a batch of research to state us that school subject is different today than it was in the 1950s. This article discussed assorted surveies that showed pupils who misbehave in school express a assortment of grounds for making so:Some think that instructors do non care about them.Others do non desire to be in school at all.They do non see success in school of import anymore.Students are incognizant that bad behaviour will ensue in penalty they will non wish.Discipline hatchet mans have to travel through long processs of due procedure: hearings, specific charges, informants, and entreaties.I read this article to my category, despite these hurdlings ; pupils of Inkster High School agreed that subject is needed in schools. One pupil stated, â€Å" If there were no subject, the school would non be distinguished from the street. † This article pointed out countries that cause disciplinary jobs in school.†¢ Denial: In many schools, their pupils intimidate instructors. Out of fright of revenge, they fail to describe jobs or disregard them trusting that the pupils responsible will discontinue the bad behaviour by themselves.†¢ Troubled Students: State and Federal Torahs require that some particular needs pupils receive particular attending. Many grownups and school systems believe that â€Å" troubled pupils † are non responsible for their actions, therefore they are non punished every bit badly as other pupils are.†¢ Legal Procedures: Because of the raised consciousness of the civil rights of kids, the jurisprudence requires grownups to travel through expensive, time-consuming and confusing processs in respects to school subject. These legal processs do protect the rights of kids, but make it really hard to halt school subject jobs.†¢ Modeling: Many grownups fail to pattern the behavio urs they want from pupils. Modeling the regulations that pupils are to follow should be required of all grownups. All grownups in a community, particularly parents and instructors, need to pattern unity, honestness, regard and self-denial.†¢ Enforcement ; Because of internal administrative jobs or deficiency of processs, many school functionaries fail to implement the regulations or punish pupils for misdemeanors. Some fear cases from parents ; others merely do non care, or they are â€Å" burned out. †Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Time-out and Detention: In-school suspensions, time-out and detainment have been antique solutions for troubled pupils. Yet today, many pupils do non mind detainment, preferring it to traveling place to an empty or opprobrious family. Many consider time-out a quiet topographic point to work. Detention lets them socialise after school. In add-on, both time-out and detainment get them attending from caring grownups.†¢ Fuzzy Rules: Surveies have shown that many r egulations are non purely enforced. Many school and schoolroom regulations do non do sense to pupils. Some subject codifications are â€Å" fuzzed † and non clear on outlooks and penalties. Some riotous pupils are labeled with codifications like ADHD ( Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ) or Emotional Damage. This leads some school staff assume that they can non implement positive behaviour and alternatively must fall back to inquiring parents to â€Å" medicate † them.†¢ Self Esteem: Many schools have emphasized self-pride over and above everything else. Some instructors are afraid to train or demand good behaviour because it will ache the kid ‘s self-pride.School subject has become lax over the old ages, as our relationships have weakened. Amalgamate school systems and mega schools have made the separation between household and school wider than of all time. These mega schools have mostly ignored the local community. In add-on, some parents have lost touch with their kids for many different grounds. For school subject to be successful, we need to reconstruct those relationships. Parents and schools need to work together to transfuse the importance of instruction into kids of all ages. Finding subject processs that work is a occupation for pupils, parents, and instructors to research together. In today ‘s society, working together within the school and community will assist learn kids that working as a squad can efficaciously work out the job. Part VI. ReferenceCipani, Ennio: Classroom Management for All instructors: 12 Plans For Evidence-Base Practice. Pearson Custom Printing, 2003 Cohen, David ; Body Language, What You Need To Know, 2007 Froyen, L. A. , & A ; Iverson, A. M. ; School-Wide and Classroom Management: The Brooding Educator-Leader ( 3rd Ed. ) . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1999 Iverson, Annette M. Building Competence in Classroom Management and Discipline. Pearson Custom Printing, 2003. Livingston, Drs. Sharon and Glen ; How to Use Body Language. Psy Tech Inc. , 2004 Brodinsky, Ben. Student Discipline: Problems and Solutions. American Association of School Administrators Critical Issues Report. Sacramento, California: Education News Service, 1980. Gram molecules, Oliver C. Strategies to Reduce Student Misbehavior. Washington, D.C. : Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, 1989. Hymowitz, Kay S. : Who Killed School Discipline? City Journal, 2000

Philosophies, Beliefs and Teaching Methods of Rudolf Steiner Essay

Philosophies, Beliefs and Teaching Methods of Rudolf Steiner - Essay Example However, intelligentsia within the country concerned with educational matters has endeavoured to bring about improvements from time to time by incorporating the accepted philosophical ideologies and evidence based scientific principles discovered, tried and tested through continuous research. Rudolf Steiner’s methodologies which promote nurturing a child’s inherent talents through a unique practice of interactive teaching aims at building personalities’ which emerge out of a child’s own initiative and desired goals in life. Compared to traditional public education where strictly defined and delineated subjects are to be mastered at specific stages in the child’s life, Steiner’s model has been considered to be a better method to impart real education by its proponents. However, deciding what the traditional model lacks as compared to Steiner’s model is a difficult task as all teaching activity at the early stages of a child’s lif e takes into consideration the capabilities, interests and limitations within which a young learner performs. Even in the tried and tested traditional model, teachers are careful and considerate of a pupil’s capabilities and deliver knowledge through well designed and attractive course curricula specifically designed for particular age groups. The propensity of Steiner-Waldorf schools is sparse in Britain, but the existing schools employing this model of teaching are vying for recognition and state financial sponsorship for their institutions amidst growing interest amongst some parents for seeking alternative methods of education delivery for their wards. The supposedly holistic pattern of education, which nurtures the creative and imaginative abilities of the pupil, is being looked upon as a better method for allowing children to grow up as responsible adults. The traditional model of education which stressed upon the 3R’s (reading, ‘riting, ‘rithmetic) a nd its regular evaluation amongst pupils has stood the test of time in Britain and is still the generally accepted mode of education as it existed in the better part of the late twentieth century (Willis, 2009). However, a trend has been noticed in which the revival of the progressive methods of education suggested by philosophers like Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Steiner and Montessori during early years’ of a child’s life is being favoured (Willis, 2009). British education policy has witnessed twists and turns in favour of child-centred to traditional pedagogical methodologies. The Plowden Report of 1967 favoured the former while James Callaghan, the PM reiterated return to traditional methods in the year 1976 (Willis, 2009). The traditional methods were propagated by successive governments but a rethink after falling educational standards within the country again suggested return to the alternative methodologies, particularly in the last decade. The Early Years Fo undation Stage (EYFS) implementation in 2008 is a step in this direction (Willis, 2009). Steiner’s methodologies have been implemented in other European countries, Australia and the US with some degree of success. However, there is sharp criticism from some quarters as opponents believe that his methodologies are religion inspired and thereby do not conform with the cosmopolitan character of modern society which has widespread ethnic

Hollow Victory, On the Brink of the Revolution Essay

Hollow Victory, On the Brink of the Revolution - Essay Example In addition, 13 million from among the Allied powers were wounded compared to 8.3 million from among the Central Powers. The Allied powers also reported 4 million either missing or held as prisoners of war, while the Central Powers reported 3.6 million. In total the Allied powers suffered 22 million casualties altogether compared to 15 million for the Central Powers. The total death toll for the First World War was 8.5 million, and total casualties were 37 million (History Learning Site, 2012). Human suffering during the First World War was not limited to soldiers however. According to Tucker (2005), the consequences for the First World War were â€Å"far-reaching† (p. xxix). For instance approximately 750,000 German civilians perished as â€Å"a result of the British naval blockade† (Tucker, 2005, p. xxix). World War I also marked the first case of genocide during the 20th century. This case of genocide was inflicted by the Ottoman Empire against Armenia. The Ottoman E mpire murdered 1.5 million men, women and children in Armenia (United States of America, Congressional Record, 2001). The financial consequences of the First World War were also enormous. Total war expenditures were 82 billion US Dollars which is equivalent to 209 billion US dollars today (Hardach, 1981). The high expenditure is attributed to two main reasons. First, the power struggles emerging in Europe left all European powers willing to pledge all assets in order to emerge the victors during the First World War. Secondly, the First World War represented the first major conflict of the industrialized world. Thus, technological advances offered both sides unprecedented machinery and artillery. Naturally, both sides were compelled to invest in more sophisticated weaponry and machinery if they were to have any chance of succeeding against the enemy (Oliver & Aldcroft, 2007). According to Thompson (1983) Churchill’s eventual analysis of the First World War in the aftermath of the Second World War, was that the First World War set in motion significant cost for mankind. As the first part of the two Great Wars, the First World War saw the political and financial destruction of Europe and can be credited with given birth to Communism in the Soviet Union. According to Thompson (1983), in looking back on the First World War, Churchill noted that: Events passed very largely outside the scope of conscious choice. Governments and individuals conformed to the rhythm of the tragedy, and swayed and staggered forward in helpless violence, slaughtering and squandering on ever-increasing scales, till injuries were wrought to the structure of human society which a century will not efface, and which may conceivable prove fatal to the present civilization (p. 195). Thus the cost of the First World War, from Churchill’s perspective was timeless and can be measured politically, socially and economically. Assignment 2: On the Brink of Revolution Afrikistan is a count ry in North Africa with a disproportionately large youth population. Afrikistan’s dictator has been in power for upward of thirty years. Afrikistan’s primary source of income is derived from oil reserves which are owned by the State. Increasing literacy and access to social and news media via the internet have rendered Afrikistan’s youth profoundly aware of their diminished returns and their dictator’

Discuss the main causes and effects of gun crime in the USA Essay - 2

Discuss the main causes and effects of gun crime in the USA - Essay Example Subsequently, the following paper makes an insight into most widespread causes and effects of gun violence. One if the factors the most commonly blamed for gun crimes is availability of firearms. The debate over the right of the general population to bear firearms has been among the actively and commonly debated ones. From one side, opponents of gun control argue that any law denying such right would be a violation of the Constitution that allows one to protect property and life from criminals, who would still have a gun, regardless of the prohibition. Although the following position may contain the grain of logic, it, in fact, leads to more crimes, research shows. A recent study that compared data from developed countries on gun ownership and subsequent deaths clearly concluded that more guns mean more gun-related deaths. †There was a correlation between guns per head per country and the rate of deaths with Japan being on one end of the spectrum and the US - on the other† (Boseley, 2013) Subsequently, availability and easy access to guns can be regarded as one of the essentia l causes of gun crimes in the U.S. Another possible cause of gun violence in the United States has been called social conditions that allow the existence of risk factors most commonly associated with gun violence. According to Walker (2014), one of the recent strategies that proved its effectiveness for alleviating the rates of gun crimes has been a mentoring program, focusing on the at-risk population and preventing it from the involvement in felonious situations and aggressive behavior. Success of the program in reducing crimes occurrence proves that unfavorable social conditions are associated with gun crimes. The commonly cited risk factors are unemployment, poverty, and poor education. (Walker, 2014; "Gun violence prevention,") Therefore, the low quality of life should be regarded as a predictor of gun crimes. Apart from that, it is argued that the lack

Quantitative Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quantitative Decision Making - Essay Example Therefore, the expected value of producing the platforms commercially is 17,000. We have evaluated the option of conducting further research to make a more knowledgeable decision. Based on our previous experience we know that the research report could either predict high or low sales or could be inconclusive. There is previous data to prove that the research reports do not always accurately predict sales. After working out the probability of high and low sales based on the likely result of the market research and the probability of it being accurate, we realize that .. There are three routes that we can take. 1. Decide to produce platforms without market research 2. Conduct market research to decide way forward 3. Abandon commercialisation of the platform The viability of the project depends on the demand for the product post commercialisation. Given our past experience with launches of similar products, we know that the probability of high sales of such products is 30%. Our assessment of the profits from this project in case of high sales is 150,000. If the demand for the product is low, we stand to loose 40,000. Therefore, the expected value of producing the platforms commercially is 17,000. We have evaluated the option of conducting further research to make a more knowledgeable decision. Based on our previous experience we know that the research report could either predict high or low sales or could be inconclusive. There is previous data to prove that the research reports do not always accurately predict sales. After working out the probability of high and low sales based on the likely result of the market research and the probability of it being accurate, we realize that if we decide to go ahead and produce platforms based on market research, the expected value of the project will be 22,001. Therefore, the cost of the research can be valued at 5001. If the market research report predicts low sales and we do not produce the platforms, we would have incurred a cost of research The following factors need to be taken into account while deciding whether to produce or abandon the platforms project before or after conducting research : Expected value of producing the platforms without research - 17,000 Expected value of producing the platforms with research -

The cell by john miller, micheal stone with chris mitchell Research Paper

The cell by john miller, micheal stone with chris mitchell - Research Paper Example The intelligence agencies presented include FBI and other departmental police agencies. The Intelligence agencies ensure safety of every American citizen. In an ideal situation, the agencies are to keep the valid information of every person residing on American soil. They need to prevent cases of terrorist attacks affecting innocent individuals in the society of America. Negligence of the roles of intelligence agencies played a prominent role in facilitating terrorism cases in America. The intelligence agencies failed to get vital information on the plans and execution of the attack although terrorist in this case were residing in America. The terrorists took advantage of this to harm innocent Americans. Different agencies focus much on protocols rather than taking terrorism preventive measures. All citizens enjoy the freedom right provided by American constitution. It becomes difficult for terrorists to be isolated from the innocent civilians within the society. The previous cases of terrorism happened under the watch of FBI, Police agencies, CIA and the federal government. Constant immigration cases have made the works of intelligence agencies in performing their roles in ensuring the safety of American citizens. Previous terrorists like Ranzi Yousef, located to America before executing the terrorist attack of 1993. Intelligence agencies had limited information of this immigrant. These kinds of situations provide room for terrorist attacks in America. Lack of proper communication techniques within and between intelligence agencies limited their capacity to prevent the attacks. This lack of communication is still happening in America. Although killing of Osama bin Laden has indicated an enhanced way of handling the known terrorists, numerous terrorists are still in existence among the innocent members of the society. The intelligence agencies are reluctant to act appropriately despite the fact that they know

Definition Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Definition Argument - Essay Example In this society of ours, we see men acting as if they are women. The reverse case can also be seen. The current trend of classifying them is as a homosexual- one who possess biologically defined male or female characteristics but is exhibiting behavior of the opposite sex. The connotation of the term 'homosexual' is perceived as discriminatory and the clamor to be considered female without reference to biological makeup, is getting stronger and getting many adherents. Since this is an issue experienced by most nations of the world, the change of definition would have global consequences. The controversy that will surround the redefinition would be immense as will restructure the deep seated notion of morals and values of everyone. One can expect to see the interplay of religion, science, public opinion, psychology and sociology. The word "female" should be redefined because it is ambiguous, not inclusive, socially unresponsive and obsolete. The specific warrants together with the arguments that can be raised and the qualifiers that can be stated are the following: There are cases where a "female" , with all the features and organs of a woman, was found to be biologically male. That is, they have XY chromosomes. There also cases where men were found to have XX chromosomes (Walter, 412). This only shows that even if organs and features were present, there exist a possibility that the person's chromosomes are for the opposite sex. Argument: Even if there were extraordinary cases like this, the possibility of occurrence is minimal and does not warrant the change in definition. Counter Argument: These cases were discovered thru the use of technology. Who is to say how many times this have occurred when the technology was not yet available. The Sex Change process and the use of estrogen pills has made the possibility of obtaining organs and features. Can we therefore say that the person is female What if that person undergoes sex change again Will we call him a male again The current definition really provides confusion and ambiguousity. Argument: Sex change only changes the genitals. It does not change the other organs of the body. Counter Argument : The point is, the ambiguousity exists and these can lead to legal, scientific and even political complications Redefinition would finally enable many persons to reconcile their behavior with their biological makeup. They can establish their identity as they know what they are. Argument: The definition would only provide further confusion for those who are establishing their identity Counter Argument: The person is actually more confused with the current definition. The person cannot place his/her identity because he/she cannot satisfy the criteria of the current definition Those discriminated against can now find social acceptance as the new definition will change the way the public views them (Cohen, 21). Argument: Discrimination is not only founded on our existing notion of how a person should behave according to his physical make-up. There are also religion and other social factors. Counter Argument: In fact it is precisely founded on our pre-existing notions. Why are homosexuals discriminated upon It's because they cross dress and perform sexual acts with persons of the same sex. From where did our notion of who should be our sexual partner come from Isn't it from our pre-existing

Entrepreneurship and small business management Essay - 1

Entrepreneurship and small business management - Essay Example (businessdictionary.com 2013). I believe that acquiring a franchise is better than starting your own business because you benefit greatly from using the name of the franchiser to sell your products and in the end profit in a great way because of it. For example, KFC is a renowned international fast food joint. Its franchiser here gets to profit more than his competitors do simply because there is that standard that KFC has in the global world and it has kept in all franchises in the world. This standard gives an assurance to the locals or visitors that it’s the same quality of food sold there (Shepherd, 2009). Question 2 Metal supermarkets have been in business since 1985. Since then, it has grown in numbers due to its franchising family. Metal supermarkets have taken the franchises under their wings by providing support in establishing their business model and system in a suitable area. It also provides leadership as well as guidance of its system in an effort to maintain a s tanding position in terms of leadership across all franchises. Customer service is a key factor in Metal supermarkets and they ensure that, it is the key factor in all its franchise partners (Hodgetts, 2008) . They ensure this by giving them customer care training. In a bid to keep a progressive growth in its franchise business, Metal supermarkets ensures that they give grants to the most qualified candidates who meet the level that they have set for all franchises. Metal supermarket training is compulsory for new franchise and it is held in its corporate head office in Toronto. The training includes a 5-day classroom class, where they are taught about the operation of the business, the products, and how the system works. From there, they go to a 5-day in-branch training in Toronto, where they learn and build their confidence. 10-day job training is also provided when the franchisee’s Metal supermarket is opened ( Shepherd, 2009). The effort made by Metal supermarkets to its franchisee helps them in being successful. It has helped some who have not any prior knowledge of how to work with metals to be profitable in the end with some of them making more than a million a year. It also has given a good option to people who wanted to start their own metal supermarkets to join their franchise and in this way, the franchisee is assisted in starting up as well as given the necessary assistance in preventing basic mistakes, which most new business people go through . In the end, most of the franchisee makes a good amount of money unlike when they would have opened their own business because people trust the products that are sold by Metal supermarkets therefore customers trust the products being sold by the franchisee’s supermarket (Hodgetts, 2008). Question 3 Ian Parsons, a franchise owner of Metal supermarkets, West Bromwich, bought the franchise from its previous owner, who was retiring from the business. Ian parson thought of buying the franchise afte r weighing between looking for another job or buying the franchise. This is actually the main reason for him to buy the franchise. He used his savings and some cash from his property re-mortgage to buy the supermarket. The transition was smooth because he had worked in the franchise for 8 years and well conversant with the operation of the supermarket. He however had problems with accounting but the previous owner was able to assist him. He later went to Metal supermarkets’

American Idiot Essay Example for Free

American Idiot Essay The song that I chose to write about is titled American Idiot by Green Day. This song was on Green Day’s album titled American Idiot. This album was originally released in 2004. American Idiot, the song, peaked at number 61 on the Billboard Hot 100. My reason for choosing this song is that it talks about how the media runs society and how people shouldn’t let the media run their lives. The main social issue that is talked about in this song is how the media runs our lives and society. One of the lines in the song is â€Å"Don’t wanna be an American idiot, one nation controlled by the media. † This line refers to how people in America rely heavily on the media for everything. They trust every word that is printed in a newspaper or magazine or said on television without question. People hang on every word that is pumped through the media. I don’t consider this to be a personal problem because it refers to all people being controlled by the media. It is not as if the singer in the song is the only one that the media affects. Media is worldwide ways of letting people know what is going on around them. What Billy Joe Armstrong is saying throughout this song is that people need to realize is that not everything that a person hears is necessarily true and people should not panic just because of what the news says. Green Day is an American rock band that was formed in 1987. the group consists of three members: Billy Joe Armstrong(vocals), Tre` Cool(drums), and Mike Dirnt(bass). In 1988, they signed to Lookout Records and then in 1989 they released their first EP titled 1,000 Hours. However, the band didn’t have much success until it released the album Kerplunk in 1993. After Kerplunk’s success, Green Day proceeded to leave Lookout Records and sign with Reprise Records. In 1994, they released their first major label debut, Dookie. Over the next few years, Green Day would have much success but then decided to take a break in 1996. They returned in 1997. When they returned, they began to work on a new full-length album. This album was entitled Nimrod and was released in October of 1997. This album deviated from their normally pop-punk style of music and gave listeners a variety of music. They didn’t release another album until 2000 when they released Warning which further continued their new sound that they started with Nimrod. After releasing Warning, they were nominated for 8 awards in the California Music Awards. They won all eight awards. The band then continued their success over the next few years. In 2004 the band released American Idiot. And then in 2006 they won the Grammy for record of the year because of the track Boulevard of Broken Dreams which spent 16 weeks at the top of the charts. The lyrics to American Idiot are as follows: â€Å"Dont wanna be an American idiot. Dont want a nation under the new mania. And can you hear the sound of hysteria? The subliminal mindfuck America. Welcome to a new kind of tension. All across the alienation. Everything isnt meant to be okay. Television dreams of tomorrow. Were not the ones whore meant to follow. For thats enough to argue. Well maybe Im the faggot America. Im not a part of a redneck agenda. Now everybody do the propaganda. And sing along in the age of paranoia. Welcome to a new kind of tension. All across the alienation. Everything isnt meant to be okay. Television dreams of tomorrow. Were not the ones whore meant to follow. For thats enough to argue. Dont wanna be an American idiot. One nation controlled by the media. Information age of hysteria. Its calling out to idiot America. Welcome to a new kind of tension. All across the alienation. Everything isnt meant to be okay. Television dreams of tomorrow. Were not the ones whore meant to follow. For thats enough to argue. †

Capital Punishment Essay Example for Free

Capital Punishment Essay As a society we have an established set of rules and norms that are enforced by our justice system which we as a people have deemed as the highest power to determine when these rules and norms are broken and what appropriate punishment should be given. We live in a world filled with diversity. Not only diversity in cultures but diversity with people in terms of character and morals. Society is filled with both good upstanding people but also those people who find it less than necessary to follow any norms or rules society has created but instead find a life in crime. Crimes can range from something minimal such as theft to the most serious which is murder. This introduces us to capital punishment or more commonly termed, the death penalty. Though openly controversial, capital punishment has its share of opponents and supporters. Many philosophers have discussed issues in relation to violence, laws and punishment. Malcolm X is one such philosopher. His beliefs in violence in terms of self defense can relate to the issue of capital punishment. Malcolm X believed that one should defend themselves by all means necessary when it means self defense. He believed in non violence unless one’s life was at risk and needed defending. In such cases self defense should be practiced. In his famous speech â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet† delivered on April 13, 1964 he introduces his principle of self defense and his intentions to work â€Å"non violently as long as the enemy is nonviolent† but also be â€Å"violent when the enemy gets violent†. These are examples of his principles. There are other philosophers that approach the issue of capital punishment in more depth. Hugo Adam Bedau and Ernest van den Haag are two such philosophers who present their arguments to capital punishment. Bedau and Haag offer compelling arguments that as a reader one may find it difficult to choose a side. The fact of the matter is that capital punishment is the most extreme form of punishment and because of its severity and irreversibility; its usage must be very stringent. Both Bedau and Haag discuss capital punishment and take relatively different sides about similar issues. Both construct their arguments discussing issues such as capital punishment and its unjust application, its deterrence ability and the possible execution of innocent people. Haag takes on the position of pro capital punishment and argues his position in his article â€Å"In Defense of the Death Penalty†. Bedau on the other side takes on the position of pro abolition and discusses his arguments in his article â€Å"Capital Punishment†. We’ll begin with Haag and his arguments. Haag argues that the execution of innocent people believed to be guilty is a miscarriage of the justice system and should be stopped but it does not warrant the abolishing of capital punishment. Killing innocent people is not enough to abolish capital punishment and thus risking the innocent lives that may be saved by these â€Å"murderers†. These advantages in turn outweigh the disadvantages of killing innocent â€Å"criminals† and the punishment of capital punishment is just. In executing a murderer it is concluded by Isaac Ehrlich’s 1933-1969 study that one execution may result in 7 or 8 fewer murders because the execution acts as deterrence for future murders (pg. 351). Haag presents us with two choices in regards to deterrence. The first choice he presents is that to trade the life of a convicted murderer and save the 7 or 8 innocent victims whose murder is probable unless the murderer is executed. The second choice is to allow the murderer to live and possibly lose the 7 or 8 innocent people who the murderer can possibly kill. Most of us would choose the first choice and Haag agrees. He argues that it would be irresponsible not to execute the murderer simply because there is no guarantee that their execution would help save the lives of potential innocent victims. It seems immoral to allow murderers to live on even if there is even the slightest possibility that innocent lives are at risk. Haag supports this argument by stating that â€Å"more severe penalties are more deterrent than less severe penalties† (pg. 352). People are less likely to commit severe crimes if the punishment is just as severe. With that said it only seems logical to say that the most severe crime warrants the most severe punishment. Thus, murderers should be punished with the death penalty. Haag also uses the situation with current prisoners to elaborate his point of how capital punishment is a deterrent. Prisoners serving life sentences and who are not sentenced to execution relatively follow prison rules and norms because the possibility of a more severe punishment or sentence does exist. Haag states that without the death penalty, prisoners would find no reason to avoid committing more crimes towards fellow prisoners or guards because the abolishment of the death penalty presents them with a sort of immunity. They can freely commit more crimes knowing they will not get additional punishment. Not only within the prison context but criminals on the outside world and who anticipate that their crime will result in a life sentence may be compelled to murder as many people as necessary to facilitate their escape. No death penalty threat would stop them from committing more crimes. This is where death penalty plays the deterrent role. Whether capital punishment is at fault for sometimes executing innocent people or positively deterring other criminals from committing murder, the death penalty and its application is the third issue we will discuss. According to Haag the death penalty is separate from its moral characteristic. If the death penalty is perfectly distributed but morally unjust, it would be unjust in each case. In the same manner if the death penalty was morally just but applied discriminatorily it would remain just in each case. Guilty people do not all of a sudden become innocent because they escaped it or innocent people don’t deserve punishment because others suffer it. Justice and equality are not hand in hand and though equality should be important and practiced it should not affect the hand of justice. Bedau stands on the other side of the capital punishment issue. His arguments try to prove why the position of abolition is better. In respects to the same issues that Haag presents I will discuss Bedau’s arguments Both Haag and Bedau discuss how it is possible that with capital punishment innocent people deemed guilty are executed. However, Bedau presents this argument in a cost benefit analysis. Haag states that the execution of innocent people is a miscarriage of justice and that its advantages of possibly saving future innocent victims because of the execution of the murderer outweigh the drawbacks of executing an innocent person. Therefore Haag uses the lives of future innocent victims as the advantage of capital punishment whereas Bedau though agreeing with Haag about the possibility of executing innocent people, identifies the risks as â€Å"social costs† (pg. 367). Bedau proceeds to discuss the economic costs that the death penalty incurs. Cost of housing the prisoner while on death row, cost of the capital trial and of the appeals. Bedau discusses the risk of executing innocent people just as Haag but Bedau finds different aspects of it to elaborate and approaches the matter in terms of costs to society. Haag makes two points in regards to deterrence for which Bedau has an argument he presents. According to Haag, capital punishment deters other criminals from committing murder and per the Ehrlich study 1 execution saves 7 or 8 innocent lives and not executing the murderer is a form of irresponsibility when the only reason is that there is no guarantee that their execution will lengthen or save future innocent victims who would be murdered had the murderer be spared. Bedau argues that capital punishment cannot deter murder but instead it can possibly only prevent it. Bedau draws a distinction between the death penalty as a crime preventive and death penalty as a crime deterrent. Haag does not make a distinction and instead only discusses the death penalty as a crime deterrent. It is only reasonable that the distinction be made. Executing a murderer can be seen as a crime preventive if the execution prevents the murderer from killing again. It can also be seen as a crime deterrent if the execution serves as an example and results in frightening off others from committing murder. Now according to Haag capital punishment serves as a deterrent for murderers but on the contrary Bedau argues that capital punishment can never deter the murderer from further crimes but rather it can at most prevent them from committing them. It is impossible to determine what deterrence the death penalty proves for the person has already been executed. There is no way of measuring the number of crimes the murderer did not commit because of the death penalty threat. Bedau presents us with an alternative. He argues that because it is impossible to know what or how many crimes a murderer will be deterred from committing with a death penalty threat, it is just as likely the same crimes be deterred by a lesser punishment such as long-term imprisonment. This fails to show that the death penalty is a better deterrent than the less severe penalty of long-term imprisonment for the crime of murder. Bedau then reinforces this by concluding that if death penalty and long-term imprisonment have an equal effectiveness or ineffectiveness as deterrents to murder, then arguing for capital punishment as deterring murder is flawed and weakened. In congruence to his stand on abolition Bedau then argues that there is no reason for choosing the death penalty when a lesser punishment can be just as effective. After discussing capital punishment as a deterrent and the risks of executing innocent people that it creates, Bedau presents a different approach and perspective to Haag in terms of the death penalty and its application. Haag states that unequal justice is still justice and that equality before the law should be enforced but never at the expense of justice. Bedau offers a different perspective. According to Bedau, the death penalty is a â€Å"poor man’s justice† (pg. 375). Both opponents and supporters of the death penalty agree that capital punishment should be practiced fairly, equally and evenly and that it is a fundamental dictate of justice. The only dispute lies with the actual use of capital punishment. Bedau further elaborates how capital punishment is unfairly distributed. People are sentenced to death not because of their release risks or poor parole but because they have poor defense at trial; they have inexperienced or overworked counsels or they are just without the funds for an appeal trial. This reinforces the street saying â€Å"those without the capital get the punishment† (pg. 375) as Bedau quotes. People are not convicted based on their nature or violent behavior but rather on how much money they both have and are willing to spend on their trial. Bedau and Haag present different arguments to similar issues and though Bedau can agree with Haag on an issue or two, he finds a different approach to it and elaborates it differently. Haag and Bedau present very compelling arguments and it is not difficult to understand each of their points. However, personally I would have to say that I take a much harsher and tougher stand in capital punishment. One that is not discussed by either philosopher. Of course in a perfect world murder would not exist and capital punishment would not be needed, but in this world murder and those who commit murder are very much real. Capital punishment should mean a life for a life; Lex talionis as Bedau briefly mentions. In the most literal terms if a person has the heart and willingness to murder another human being then they should be willing to lose their life the same exact way. I do believe in capital punishment being a deterrent to murder but the fact that not every murder results in the death penalty as punishment I believe is a reason why some criminals are sometimes reckless with their decisions. However, if there was some way of knowing how a trial was to end and know that the punishment would be the death penalty, it would have to make the criminal think twice. Some argue that the death penalty is just an easy way out for the murderer. This is why I further will elaborate my point. The death penalty should be specific to the murder. If a murderer tortures his victim then they too should be tortured. If the murderer shoots his victim they too should be shot to death and if the murderer burns his victim they too should be burned. Now I would like to clarify that this should be applied to murders that are premeditated or intended and not accidental deaths. This should apply to those criminals that had an obvious intention to cause harm to their victims and resulting in death. I can understand the moral and ethical questions this would bring up and the issue of stooping to the level of murderers but those are just issues and opinions, the fact of the matter is you take a life you give your life. This approach will of course never happen so I will offer a different one. Considering that it is argued that capital punishment is unfairly applied and that an accused murderer’s innocence or guilt is determined based on how much funds they have to afford good counsel and appeals then as a way to eliminate this risk every single person who si accused of murder should have the best counsel available to them regardless of whether they can afford it or not. This will allow every single person to get a fair trial and the possibility of executing someone who is actually innocent will no longer exist. A person will no longer be executed with the possible doubt that they may be innocent but just could not afford to be defended fairly. If someone murderers another human being then they should be punished just as severely, but also until their guilt is proven they should be defended like anyone else, regardless of how much money they have. Innocence and guilt should never have a price tag. Capital punishment is our society’s way of keeping moral boundaries and norms in place. We as a people can have different opinions about the severity of the death penalty but that is all they are, opinions. Whether we agree with the death penalty or oppose it we must learn to recognize other points of views and educate ourselves. Murder is the most severe of crimes and the death penalty is the most severe of punishments. Therefore, each one of us has a choice to decide whether they go hand in hand.

Linear And Non Linear Voltage Divider Engineering Essay

Linear And Non Linear Voltage Divider Engineering Essay The report describes an investigation of how linear and non-linear voltage divider type of circuit relies on the application of Ohms law (1). The linear circuit was consisted of series resistors. Separating the total resistance of the circuit into two parts, the circuit functions as a voltage divider across which output voltages, and are taken. The report hence is also study the operation of a voltage divider and finds that the total voltage drop around a single close path divides among the series resistors in amounts directly proportional to the resistance values (2) so the formula where and are the output voltages across the resistance and respectively was derive. The investigation was conduct under range of DC and AC input voltages so the ratio between the output voltages was compared to the required ratio of 2:1. This was successfully matched within the tolerance of  ±5% thus; the proportionality of the output voltages to the input voltages proves the linearity of the circuit and it applicability to Ohms law. The non-linear circuit was consisted of 1kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ resistor and a filament bulb. The investigation was conduct under range of DC and AC input voltages and shows that the recorded measurement of the output voltage across the bulb, , was not showing linear trend with respect to the input voltage, . Inspection of the IV chrematistic of the filament bulb shows that the bulb is a non-ohmic conductor. Looking at the linear band the resistance of 61.2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ was found Introduction Work objective Choosing the right apparatus and components is essential when designing electronic circuits. This needs to be done carefully so the measurements will be as accurate as possible. This report aims to find a procedure of choosing the right resistors and the method of using them. This concept together with how to recognise resistors values, measuring potential difference across a component and the physics of the filament bulb will be examined in the background to the experiment work. Understanding the specification set out in the task is key factor in completing the practical work. The report will examine the theory applied to the voltage divider and by using the definition of current, voltage, electrical resistance and power, the report will obtain the voltage divider formula and the assumption that these formula are based on. The report will then present the prediction based on the theory. The report will show the method of how the wide range of reading is to be taken and explain which variables are going to change and which variables will be kept the same. Also, the particular method to test the prediction and completing the exercise script will be presented as well as the reason for why this method was chosen. Finally, the report will analyze one of the simple basic circuits: the voltage divider. The report will evaluate the evidence and procedures and a comment on the accuracy and reliability of the result. The last section will suggest ways the measurement could be made more accurate and reliable and how this experiment might be extended. Background to the experimental work RESISTOR POWER RATINGS The amount of power in a resistor is important because the power rating of the resistor must be high enough to handle the expected power in the circuit. The resistors used in this experiment are type CRF16. These have small case size and full power rating of 0.25 W. To specify the required minimum resistance the following procedure is adopted: Determine the total resistance: The total series resistance, , is the sum of all resistors in the series circuit. Next, the current, , need to be calculated. When resistors are connected in series and a voltage is applied across the series connection, there is only one path for current; therefore each resistor in series has the same amount of current through it. Using Ohms law which states that the current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance (1) the equation: where, is the source voltage is derive. Then the power, , in each resistor is: Substituting (1.1-2) into (1.1-3), the following equation is obtained: rearranging to rescue : THE RESISTORS COLOR CODES The resistors used in this experiment are common fix resistor constructed using carbon film. The resistive carbon evenly distributed along the high-grade ceramic rod. In order to differentiate between the resistors value and confirming the values and tolerance when they are connected to the circuit, a color coding system is used. The resistors used in this experiment are coded with four bands. The first and the second band closer to the end represent the first and second digit respectively. The third band represents the multiplier, i.e. the number of zeros following the second digit. In this experiment the last band represent tolerance value of  ±5% and it is a gold color. The table in appendix 3 shows the resistance value of a resistor with 4-band color code. MEASURING VOLTAGE A DMM has a floating common, so it can be connected to any point in the circuit and read the correct voltage between the two leads. Measuring voltage with oscilloscope may create a grounding problem since the generator and the oscilloscope have a common ground. The problem occurs when trying to measure the voltage across the component that is not connected to ground. Trying to do so, will effectively short out of the circuit all the components that connected from the terminal at which the measurement is taken to the ground terminal and the voltage measured is meaningless. This is become very important when current sensitive components like the filament bulb are connected in the circuit. The resistor is therefore the current limiting impedance. Shorting out the resistor could raise the current to levels that could cause permanent damage to the bulb. The solution to the problem is usually to recognise the grounding points of the circuit and connecting the oscilloscope to these points only. To find out the voltage across the component which is not connected to ground, the method used is to subtract the measured volt age from the input voltage THE FILAMENT LAMP (7) The filament is made of tungsten wire and it is essentially a device for converting electrical input energy into an output of radiant energy in the form of light and heat. According the temperature at which the filament glows will determine the appearance of the light emitted. The tungsten wire is very fine in diameter; the wire is coil as shown in Fig. 1.1.4-1. The closer the spacing of the coils the hotter the filament can operate. The filament lamp to be used in this experiment is yellow filament lamp size 4mm and it is rated at 12V, 30mA with output energy of 0.7 Lumens. The ideal operation condition for AC is stabilized 50Hz. This bulb is sensitive to operation with DC as the one direction current flow causes an effect named DC notching where the filament wire is becoming weak. The report will define the metal (tungsten) filament lamp device by the current voltage (I/V) characteristics and will explain the difference in behavior of the tungsten filament light bulb. Figure .1.4-1 Single Coil filament (7) UNCERTAINTY IN CALCULATED VALUES (8) The arithmetic mean ratio, , will be calculated by the following equation: (1.1.5-1) where can have any integer value, is the number of observations and represent any of the observation. Having obtained a mean value, , the precision of the experiment will be quantified by using the equation for standard deviation, , for the special case where all data points have equal weight (1.1.5-2 ) The standard deviation, defined by Eq. (1.1.5-2) provides the random uncertainty estimate for any one of the measurements used to compute . The standard deviation of the mean value of a set of measurements , when all measurement have equal statistical weight is given by The results in this report will be stated in term of the percent or fractional uncertainty, . Multiply by 100. The relationship between and is as follows Theory Governing equations This section will consider a single-loop circuit, as shown in figure 2.1-1 in order to develop the equations relative to the experiment. The direction of the resistor voltages and current are marked according the convention set by Ohms law: Electron flow current is defined to be into the negative side of each resistor and out of the negative side of each resistor and out of the more positive (less negative) side. With regards to the source electrons flow current is defined to be out of the negative side of a source and into the positive side. Figure .1-1 Single-loop circuit with voltage source vs. Using Kirchhoffs current low at each node. The following four equations can be obtained: (2.1-1) a: (2.1-2) b: (2.1-3) c: (2.1-4) d: Each of these equations can be derived from the other three equations. Since the current is the same at all point in a series circuit the following equation is noted: so that the current can be said to be the loop current and flows continuously around the loop from a to b to c to d and back to a. The connection of resistor is Fig 2.1-1 is said to be a series connection since all the elements carry the same current. In order to determine, we use the principle of superposition where voltage sources in series add algebraically and Kirchhoffs voltage low around the loop: The sum of all voltage drops around a single closed path in a circuit is equal to the total source voltage, in that loop. (2.1-5) where are the voltage across the resistors . Also from Kirchhoffs voltage law: The algebraic sum of all the voltages (both source and drops) around a single closed path is zero. The voltage drops in a circuit are always opposite in polarity to the total source voltage. Eq. (2.1-5) can be written as: (2.1-6) Using Ohms law for each resistor, Eq. (2.1-6) can be written as: Solving for , we have Thus, the voltage across the nth resistor is and can be obtained as A voltage drop results from a decrease in energy level across the resistor. A voltage divider is a series arrangement of resistor connected to a voltage source. Thus, the voltage appearing across one of a series resistors connected in series with a voltage source will be the ratio of its resistance to the total resistance. This circuit shown in Fig 2.1-2 demonstrates the principle of voltage division, and the circuit is called a voltage divider or potential divider In general, the voltage divider principle is represented by the equation where , is the voltage across the nth resistor of N resistors connected in series. A voltage divider is so named because the voltage drop across any resistor in the series circuit is divided down from the total voltage by an amount proportional to that resistance value in relation to the total resistance. Comparing the circuit shown in figure 2.1-1 and the circuit shown in figure 2.1-2, the current are identical when and the resistance is said to be an equaivient resistance of the series connection of resistors and . To determine the resistance and required so that the ratio between the voltages cross and will be 2:1 we consider the voltage across the first resistance And across the second resistance The lab script desire, so division of the first equation in the second results The constant of proportionality is called the gain of the voltage divider. The value of the gain is determined by the resistance RA and RB (4) Choosing the value of the resistors. It wasnt possible to chose values The total resistance between any two points in a series circuit is equal to the sum of all the resistors connected in series between those two points. In our simple circuit if the voltage source connected to a resistance Rx and Ry as shoen in figureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, for this circuit If all the resistors in a series circuit are of equal value, the total resistance is the number of resistor multiplied by the resistance value of one resistor. The total power in a resistive circuit is the sum of all the individual powers of the resistor making up the series circuit. Ground (Common) is zero volts with respect to all points referenced to it in the circuit. Negative ground is the term used when the negative side of the source is grounded. Positive ground is the term used when the positive side of the source is grounded. The voltage across an open component always equals to the source voltage. The voltage across a shorted component is always 0 V. The circuit constructed was consisting of series string of resistors connected to a voltage source. Although there can be any number there are two voltage drop across the resistors: One across R1 and one across R2. These voltages drops are V1 and V2 respectively, as indicated iun the schematic. Since each resistor has the same current, the voltage drops are proportional to the resistance value. For example if R2 us twice of R1. Then the valye of V2 is twice that of V1. The total voltage drop around a single closed path divides among the series resistors in amounts directly proportional to the resistance value. The voltage divider is an important application of series circuits. This report will derive and apply the voltage-divider formula in order to obtain ratio of 2:1 between output voltages. A series circuit can have only one path for current. The total resistance of a series circuit is found by the following equation: Kirchhoffs voltage law Total power If three equal resistors are used in a voltage divider, the voltage across each one will be one-third of the source voltage. A potentiometer can be used as an adjustable voltage divider. The essential circuit of a voltage divider, also called potential divider is: The voltage divider equation can be written as The power dissipated by the resistor in a series circuit is the same as the power supplied by the source. The theory applied to the circuit consists of a few calculation to develop a formula for determining how the voltage divided among series resistors. The resistance between two terminals can be considered as one part and the resistance between other two terminals can be considered as another part. The knowledge of how the filament lamp behaves under varying conditions of current and voltage is essential in building electronic circuits consists of the filament lamp therefore characteristic would be shown as a graph of the current (y-axis) versus voltage (x-axis) for the filament lamp. It will show how the electric current flowing through the component varies as the voltage across the filament lamp is gradually increases by the experimenter. The electric current in this experiment is the dependent variable i.e. it is dependent upon the voltage setting chosen by the experimenter. Assumptions statement The resistors used in this experiment are given with a certain tolerance of 5% The exact resistor values dont matter, so long as their ratio is correct The formula and the approximate rules given above assume that negligible current flows from the output. This is true if Vo is connected to a device with a high resistance such as voltmeter or an IC input. Experimental procedure and results Experimental procedure APPARTUS AND COMPONENETS To carry the experiment the use of the following apparatus and components is required: Breadboard Black wire to connect between the circuit and the negative supply terminal Red wire to connect between the circuit and the positive supply terminal EL302Tv DC Power Supply to supply DC voltage MTX3240 5MHz Signal generator TDS2002B digital oscilloscope to measure the output AC voltage Fluke 115 digital multimeter to measure output DC voltage Resistor Carbon Film 5% 0.25W brown-black-red-gold Resistor Carbon Film 5% 0.25W brown-black-red-gold Resistor Carbon Film 5% 0.25W brown-black-red-gold Filament lamp T1.25 12V 30mA, bi-pin 2 Croc Clips T-Piece Electronics Test Probe REPERTORY OF METHODS The set up of the apparatus needs to be done correctly and skilfully. The quantities measured are Checking for errors in the measuring instruments and the need to take action should errors are found This experiment begins with the three 1 kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ carbon film resistors with tolerance of 5% and power rating of 0.25W. Confirming the right resistors are used by comparing it with 1 kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ colour coding: Brown-Black-Red-Gold and measuring and recording their values as R1, R2 and R3 Connecting the two legs of the resistors in series on the bread board. Connect the bread board to the power supply and the multimeter as shown in figure . the negative terminal of the power supply and the red probe to the positive terminal of the power supply to record the source voltage Vin, move the red probe to the terminal point A to record the voltage drop across R1. To record the voltage across the upper resistor change the multimeter connection to the circuit as shown in figure. noting the voltage drop across the other two resistors as V2 The main function of the 1 kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ resistor in this circuit is to control the current and the voltage across the lamp. If too much current flow through the filament lamp it is destroyed so the resistor is used to limit the current. Connect the circuit on the bread board as shown if figure below Measure the source voltage, VS and the voltage across the filament, Vf for different Source voltage as shown in table 2. Calculate the current, If using Ohms law. Calculate the resistance of the filament Rf Vs(V) Vr (V) IF=VR/R (A) VF(V) RF=VF/IF (Ohm) 2 4 6 8 . . . Table 3.1.2 I-V characteristics of a filament Plot a graph of Vf versus IF and find the resistance of the filament at two points A and B specified below: Resistance at A (Vf=1V), RA= Resistance at B (Vf=3V), RB= It is clear that the resistance at B is greater. This is because Results [The results that appear in this section will be those on which the discussions will be based and from which the graphical plots will be represented. Results will normally have the units of the SI, although some may have traditional units, e.g. motor speed/rpm.] Table 2 Amplifier gain as a function of frequency from the measurements of input signal amplitude and output signal amplitude the voltage gain has been calculated as shown in Table 2 Axes shall not have arrow heads at their ends, and division marks on an axis shall not be closer than 20 mm. Data points should preferably be shown by small circles, squares or triangles with a dot in the centre; crosses, either vertical or inclined, may be used when all other options have been exhausted. Do not use colour to differentiate between curves on the same figure; use different legends (e.g. circle and square) and perhaps different line types (e.g. continuous and broken). Give a legend key to describe the curves. Keep a figure free from extraneous text and lines, such as a right angle and a calculation to determine a slope. It would also help to show a thin lined grid. Discussion Interpretation of and/or commentary on the results The discussion is the interpretation of and/or commentary on the results and the reasoning on which the conclusions are founded. For example, in a figure showing the variation of voltage gain of an amplifier with frequency might exhibit a slight increase in gain at high frequency before the main fall off in gain. Your text in the discussion should give reasons for this behaviour. A variable resistor which can be varied by moving a knob or slider could also be used for this experiment. Connecting the pots three leg so it could act as a potential divider. Adjusting the potentiometer mechanism until the voltmeter register exactly 1/3 of total voltage between the wiper and the positive terminal and checking that this ratio maintain for double the voltage. Precision estimation It is in the Discussion section that an estimate of the precision of your results should be given. Conclusions The conclusions represents a clear and orderly presentation of the deductions made after full consideration of the results of the work. .. the details of an involved argument or result should not be included. Making sure that the power ratings of the resistors are adequate for the application Not all componenets obey Ohms law for the variation of current with voltage. Ohms law describes the behaviour of metals but even for these materials the law is only obeyed under very specific conditions of constant temperature and pressure. Thus Ohms law describes obly the behaviour of one type of material (metals) under very specific conditions. The voltage divider is a very important basic circuit. The voltage divider is a very simple circuit that can be highly accurate if not loaded down. Understanding the principle of voltage divider helps in designing sensor systems and guide how to provide reference voltages to an electronic circuit in an analog-to-digital converter. use resistors in an appropriate configuration. low resistance values will draw a significant amount of current from the original source. This is probably acceptable if the original source is an electronic power supply, but not if its an actual battery. Thus, this use of a voltage divider is reasonable and appropriate in some circumstances, but not in all cases The proportionality of voltage drops (ratio of one to another) is strictly a function of resistance values. the voltage drop across each resistor is also a fixed proportion of the supply voltage. The voltage divider is a very important basic circuit, and exploring the calculation above with various values can give you insight into a large number of practical circuit applications. The ratio of individual resistance to total resistance is the same as the ratio of individual voltage drop to total supply voltage in a voltage divider circuit. This is known as the voltage divider formula, and it is a short-cut method for determining voltage drop in a series circuit without going through the current calculation(s) of Ohms Law. Voltage dividers find wide application in electric meter circuits, where specific combinations of series resistors are used to divide a voltage into precise proportions as part of a voltage measurement device. nn linear resistance thus Ohms law is only applicable at the linear band of the bulb resistance which is found to be 61.2à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. conclusions about the work you did including any suggestions or modifications to the experiment

Global Threat Assessment Essay -- Global Threat Intelligence

I. Introduction The United States is in an era where technology is advancing at a quicker pace than the education of society and its users can understand. This is a problem because the economic woes and critical infrastructures are included in every aspect of this fast paced evolution of technology. Threat topics will be discussed using multiple sources from the Internet and online library. An additional main source will be pulled directly from reports from the Director of National Intelligence, James R. Clapper. Discussions will Start with what a threat is and how a threat is assigned into categories; then moving to a discussion about the global threat landscape and which areas are critical to the United States shall be talked about along with what is necessary for the United States to keep up with the rapid pace of growth. At the top of the U.S. intelligence community’s 2013 assessment of global threats is cyber, followed by terrorism and transnational organized crime, weapons of mass destruction proliferation, counterintelligence and space activities, insecurity and competition for natural resources, health and pandemic threats, and mass atrocities ("Defense.gov News Article: Cyber Tops Intel Community’s 2013 Global Threat Assessment", n.d., p. xx-xx). Another topic that shall be discussed is critical infrastructure requirements and how cyber security is an important aspect in the planning and maintenance. Further discussion will identify what state and non-state actors are and which state and non-state actors threaten the United States. With this information, a conclusion on how these global threats affect how the policy makers try to defend the United States from these types of global threats. II. Whic... ...forcement, and Federal Protective Service. Policy makers are responsible for performing a never ending task of adapting to the global threats and how they pertain to critical infrastructure in the United States. Works Cited 2013 Global Threat Intelligence | Solutionary Press Release. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.solutionary.com/news-events/press-releases/2013/03/2013-global-threat-intelligence/ Defense.gov News Article: Cyber Tops Intel Community?s 2013 Global Threat Assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=119776 Top 7 developments in the global threat landscape - CXOtoday.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cxotoday.com/story/top-7-developments-in-the-global-threat-landscape/ USA Patriot Act of 2001. (2001, Oct. 26). Retrieved from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf Global Threat Assessment Essay -- Global Threat Intelligence I. Introduction The United States is in an era where technology is advancing at a quicker pace than the education of society and its users can understand. This is a problem because the economic woes and critical infrastructures are included in every aspect of this fast paced evolution of technology. Threat topics will be discussed using multiple sources from the Internet and online library. An additional main source will be pulled directly from reports from the Director of National Intelligence, James R. Clapper. Discussions will Start with what a threat is and how a threat is assigned into categories; then moving to a discussion about the global threat landscape and which areas are critical to the United States shall be talked about along with what is necessary for the United States to keep up with the rapid pace of growth. At the top of the U.S. intelligence community’s 2013 assessment of global threats is cyber, followed by terrorism and transnational organized crime, weapons of mass destruction proliferation, counterintelligence and space activities, insecurity and competition for natural resources, health and pandemic threats, and mass atrocities ("Defense.gov News Article: Cyber Tops Intel Community’s 2013 Global Threat Assessment", n.d., p. xx-xx). Another topic that shall be discussed is critical infrastructure requirements and how cyber security is an important aspect in the planning and maintenance. Further discussion will identify what state and non-state actors are and which state and non-state actors threaten the United States. With this information, a conclusion on how these global threats affect how the policy makers try to defend the United States from these types of global threats. II. Whic... ...forcement, and Federal Protective Service. Policy makers are responsible for performing a never ending task of adapting to the global threats and how they pertain to critical infrastructure in the United States. Works Cited 2013 Global Threat Intelligence | Solutionary Press Release. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.solutionary.com/news-events/press-releases/2013/03/2013-global-threat-intelligence/ Defense.gov News Article: Cyber Tops Intel Community?s 2013 Global Threat Assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=119776 Top 7 developments in the global threat landscape - CXOtoday.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cxotoday.com/story/top-7-developments-in-the-global-threat-landscape/ USA Patriot Act of 2001. (2001, Oct. 26). Retrieved from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf

Blaise Pascal :: essays research papers

Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal was born in Clermont France on June 19, 1623, and died in Paris on Aug. 19, 1662. His father, a local judge at Clermont, and also a man with a scientific reputation, moved the family to Paris in 1631, partly to presue his own scientific studies, partly to carry on the education of his only son, who had already displayed exceptional ability. Blaise was kept at home in order to ensure his not being overworked, and it was directed that his education should be at first confined to the study of languages, and should not include any mathematics. Young Pascal was very curious, one day at the age of twelve while studying with his tutor, he asked about the study of geometry. After this he began to give up his play time to persue the study of geometry. After only a few weeks he had mastered many properties of figures, in particular the proposition that the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles. His father noticed his sons ability in mathematics and gave him a copy of Euclids's Elements, a book which Pascal read and soon mastered. At the young age of fourteen he was admitted to the weekly meetings of Roberval, Mersenne, Mydorge, and other French geometricians. At the age of sixteen he wrote an essay on conic sections; and in 1641 at the age of 18 he construced the first arithmetical machine, an instrument with metal dials on the front on which the numbers were entered. Once the entries had been completed the answer would be displayed in small windows on the top of the device. This device was improved eight years later. His correspondence with Fermat about this time shows that he was then thurning his attention to analytical geometry and physics. At this time he repeated Torricelli's experiments, by which the pressure of the atmosphere could be estimated as a weight, and he confirmed his theory of the cause of barometrical variations by obtaining at the same instant readings at different altitudes on the hill of Puy-de-DÃ ´me. A strange thing about Pascal was that in 1650 he stoped all he reasearched and his favorite studies to being the study of religion, or as he sais in his Pensees, "contemplate the greatness and the misery of man." Also about this time he encouraged the younger of his two sisters to enther the Port Royal society. In 1653 after the death of his father he returned to his old studies again, and made several experiments on the

Death of a Salesman :: essays research papers

Death of a Salesman   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The American dream is, in part, responsible for a great deal of crime and violence because people feel that the country owes them not only a living but a good living.† Said David Abrahansen. This is true and appropriate in the case of Willy Loman, and his son Biff Loman. Both are eager to obtain their American dream, even though both have completely different views of what that dream should be. The play Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller shows the typical lives of typical Americans in the 1940’s. Miller’s choice of a salesman to be the main character in this play was not a coincidence, since it represents the typical middle-class working American, some of which have no technical skills what so ever. Miller’s play gives us insides on the daily lives of many Americans, this through the eyes of Willy and Biff Loman, he also shows what kind of personalities, what dreams they have, and their different points of view of what the Ameri can dream means.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Willy Loman is a sixty-one years old who has been taken off salary, put on straight commission and eventually fired from the Wagner Company because he is no longer effective. In the story he is portrait as a tragic figure that’s largely to blame for his own downfall. He puts his wife Linda into the position where she is totally dependent on him. Because Willy has an incorrigible inability to tell the truth, even to himself, and an unreasonable mode of thinking, he justifies his death by saying that his sacrifice will save his sons, particularly Biff; he believes that the insurance money they collect will be a tangible remembrance of him. Willy’s dream was to become like Dave Singleman, who was a very popular salesman, liked by his clients and, able to do business by just making a phone call. Because he was so well liked, when Singleman died, customers from all over his region came to his funeral. Willy dared to believe that his funeral would be similar to Singleman's. Throughout his life, Willy believed that if one were attractive and well liked, everything would be perfect. The doors would automatically open for such a man, and he was sure to be successful. Willy’s American dream was to become rich and famous through his sales, a dream that consumed his life, making him live in an imaginary world where he would often talk to himself.